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Question 1: Which quantum number determines the shape of an orbital?
A) Principal quantum number
B) Azimuthal quantum number
C) Magnetic quantum number
D) Spin quantum number
Explanation: The azimuthal quantum number (l) determines the shape of orbitals (s, p, d, f).
Question 2: In the Born–Haber cycle, which term represents the energy released when an electron is added to a gaseous atom?
A) Ionization enthalpy
B) Electron gain enthalpy
C) Lattice enthalpy
D) Sublimation enthalpy
Explanation: Electron gain enthalpy is the energy change when an electron is added to a gaseous atom.
Question 3: Which of the following complexes shows optical isomerism?
A) [Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂]
B) [Cr(en)₃]³⁺
C) [CoCl₆]³⁻
D) [Ni(CN)₄]²⁻
Explanation: [Cr(en)₃]³⁺ has a chiral geometry and exhibits optical isomerism.
Question 4: Which statement about zeolites is correct?
A) They are amorphous solids
B) They are crystalline aluminosilicates
C) They are metallic oxides
D) They are pure silica structures
Explanation: Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates used as ion-exchangers and catalysts.
Question 5: The rate constant of a first-order reaction has units of:
A) mol⁻¹ L s⁻¹
B) s⁻¹
C) mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹
D) no units
Explanation: For a first-order reaction, k has units of s⁻¹.
Question 6: Which colligative property is used for determining molar mass of a non-volatile solute in solution?
A) Depression in freezing point
B) Colour change
C) Refractive index
D) Electrical conductivity
Explanation: Depression in freezing point is directly related to molar mass by the cryoscopic equation.
Question 7: Which reagent is used to test the presence of unsaturation in organic compounds?
A) Bromine water
B) Fehling’s solution
C) Tollens’ reagent
D) Benedict’s solution
Explanation: Bromine water gets decolorized in the presence of double or triple bonds.
Question 8: In the electrolysis of molten NaCl, which gas is liberated at the anode?
A) Chlorine
B) Hydrogen
C) Oxygen
D) Nitrogen
Explanation: At the anode, chloride ions are oxidized to chlorine gas.
Question 9: Which type of hybridization is present in SF₆?
A) sp³
B) sp³d
C) sp³d²
D) dsp²
Explanation: SF₆ has octahedral geometry with sp³d² hybridization.
Question 10: Which of the following is an example of a biodegradable polymer?
A) Bakelite
B) Polythene
C) PHBV
D) Nylon-66
Explanation: Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate) is a biodegradable polymer.
Question 11: Which metal is refined using Mond’s process?
A) Nickel
B) Copper
C) Zinc
D) Aluminium
Explanation: Nickel is refined by forming volatile Ni(CO)₄ which decomposes upon heating.
Question 12: Which of the following follows Fajan’s rule for maximum covalent character?
A) NaCl
B) KBr
C) LiI
D) CsF
Explanation: Small cation (Li⁺) and large anion (I⁻) lead to maximum covalent character.
Question 13: Which term describes the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state?
A) Ionization enthalpy
B) Electron affinity
C) Lattice energy
D) Enthalpy of vaporization
Explanation: Ionization enthalpy is the energy needed to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom.
Question 14: Which phenomenon is responsible for the blue colour of the sky?
A) Rayleigh scattering
B) Tyndall effect
C) Reflection
D) Refraction
Explanation: Rayleigh scattering of shorter wavelengths (blue) by air molecules makes the sky appear blue.
Question 15: Which of the following reactions is an example of disproportionation?
A) 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
B) Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂
C) Cl₂ + OH⁻ → Cl⁻ + ClO⁻ + H₂O
D) NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂O
Explanation: In disproportionation, the same element is oxidized and reduced, as with chlorine here.
Question 16: Which of the following is an example of a green chemistry approach?
A) Use of benzene as a solvent
B) Use of supercritical CO₂ as a solvent
C) Use of mercury catalysts
D) Use of leaded gasoline
Explanation: Supercritical CO₂ is non-toxic, non-flammable, and an eco-friendly solvent.
Question 17: Which crystal defect increases the density of a crystal?
A) Schottky defect
B) Frenkel defect
C) Vacancy defect
D) Substitutional defect
Explanation: In Frenkel defect, no ions are lost from the crystal, hence density increases.
Question 18: Which element has the highest electronegativity in the periodic table?
A) Fluorine
B) Oxygen
C) Chlorine
D) Nitrogen
Explanation: Fluorine has the highest electronegativity value of 3.98 on the Pauling scale.
Question 19: Which of the following is a Lewis acid?
A) NH₃
B) BF₃
C) OH⁻
D) F⁻
Explanation: BF₃ can accept a lone pair, hence it is a Lewis acid.
Question 20: Which vitamin contains cobalt in its structure?
A) Vitamin D
B) Vitamin E
C) Vitamin B₁₂
D) Vitamin K
Explanation: Vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin) contains cobalt in its corrin ring.
Question 21: Which type of colloid is formed when sulphur is precipitated in water?
A) Lyophobic sol
B) Lyophilic sol
C) Emulsion
D) Gel
Explanation: Sulphur in water forms a lyophobic sol as the particles have little affinity for the medium.
Question 22: Which gas is used in the Haber's process for ammonia production?
A) Nitrogen
B) Oxygen
C) Methane
D) Carbon dioxide
Explanation: Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen under high temperature and pressure to form ammonia.
Question 23: Which metal is used in the anode of a dry cell?
A) Zinc
B) Copper
C) Lead
D) Aluminium
Explanation: Zinc container acts as the anode in a dry cell.
Question 24: Which compound is used as an antiknock agent in petrol?
A) Ethanol
B) MTBE
C) Tetraethyl lead
D) Acetone
Explanation: Tetraethyl lead (TEL) reduces engine knocking by slowing fuel combustion.
Question 25: Which of the following is an ore of aluminium?
A) Bauxite
B) Cassiterite
C) Galena
D) Hematite
Explanation: Bauxite is the principal ore of aluminium.
Question 26: Which law states that the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass?
A) Graham’s law
B) Boyle’s law
C) Charles’ law
D) Dalton’s law
Explanation: Graham’s law relates diffusion rate with molar mass of a gas.
Question 27: Which of the following is used as a moderator in a nuclear reactor?
A) Uranium
B) Heavy water
C) Graphite
D) Plutonium
Explanation: Heavy water slows down neutrons without absorbing them, acting as a moderator.
Question 28: Which reagent is used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones?
A) Bromine water
B) 2,4-DNP
C) Tollen’s reagent
D) Fehling’s solution
Explanation: Tollen’s reagent oxidizes aldehydes to acids, producing a silver mirror.
Question 29: Which greenhouse gas is most effective in trapping heat?
A) CO₂
B) CH₄
C) N₂O
D) O₃
Explanation: Nitrous oxide has the highest global warming potential among common greenhouse gases.
Question 30: Which of the following is an intensive property?
A) Mass
B) Volume
C) Density
D) Enthalpy
Explanation: Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of substance; density is one such property.
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